Different microbiome and Bacillus thuringiensis diversity and dynamics of field soils of sole rain fed rice, and deep/shallow water rice-fish cultivation systems of National Rice Research Institute was assessed to enrich knowledge on functionalities of active microbial guilds of aforementioned micro-ecologies. Diversity and dynamics (x10⁵ cfu/g soil, approx.) of microbial guilds viz. heterotrophs (1.04-7.87), spore formers (0.37-0.99), Gram negative bacteria (0.87-9.44), asymbiotic N₂ fixers (0.10-0.17), nitrifiers (0.04-0.38), denitrifiers (0.09-0.38), spore crystal formers (0.003-0.02), actinobacteria (0.004-0.005) and fungi (0.003-0.01), as well as, indices (0.07-0.19 x 10^-2) of spore-crystal forming bacteria i.e. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were highly diverse in rain fed rice and deep/shallow water rice-fish farming field soils. Four spore-crystal forming bacterial isolates viz. TB426 and 432 of rice field, and TB436 of deep water rice-fish and TB442 of shallow water rice-fish farming field soils were diverse in phenotypic characters, antibiotic/salt (6–11% NaCl) tolerance, crystal composition (bipyramidal but variable sizes) etc. The Bt isolates (Bts) had 62.10-76.87 kbp genomic DNA (gDNA) and single plasmid (24.33- 42.50 kbp). The Bts (TB 426/432) had 12-14 cellular proteins (9.88-540.7 kDa). Phenotypic identities of TB426 and 432 were Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var. galleriae, TB436 was Bt var. thompsoni/coreanensis and TB442 was Bt var. dendrolimus/sotto. The results proved structural and functional diversity of Bt population in NRRI rice soils of different micro-ecologies. The resident Bt with different toxin composition would be potent natural biocide and can be exploited for suppression of different rice field pests to sustain productivity.

Calcium carbonate is an active component of the limestone. Calcium Carbonate Equivalent and the Effective Calcium Carbonate Equivalent give a numeric to the effectiveness of different liming materials. The first method compares a particular quarry's stone with the neutralizing power of pure calcium carbonate [1]. In this paper, the process of mixing calcium hydroxide into deionized water and jet bubbling carbon dioxide gas reacting through the contained is used. Output reaction conversion on inputs: acidity, reaction time, stirring, pressure and temperature is interfaced creating a fuzzy interfacing model. Reaction conversion is implicated on inputs of acidity and reaction time for a temperature value keeping other variables constant and assuming homogeneous reaction throughout within reactor. Gas flow gauge is fall timely and considering parametric and variability change, this is depicted.

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Composite samples were collected from the six refuse dumpsites and analyzed for heavy metals concentrations using atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS VGB 210 system). The concentrations of the heavy metals in (mg/Kg) were in the following order: Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn>Ni>Co>Cd>V>Pb. The values of the heavy metals observed in the different dumpsites were lower than their corresponding average value in shale. However, the values from the different dumpsites showed some relationship with industrial activities. In each of the metals, the highest values were obtained in parts of Port Harcourt where there is serious presence of industrial work. The contamination factor (CF) revealed that dumpsites soils were not contaminated with any of the heavy metals and do not seem to pose danger presently. Therefore, more regulatory activities by the relevant agencies should be put in place as to forestall future occurrence of accumulation that might pose danger to the environment.

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